Two responses from filmmakers to a questionnaire from the January 2000 issue of Cahiers du cinéma.

1. In your opinion, what are the major events — films, filmmakers, actors, images, techniques, etc. — that have marked the 1990s?
2. How did your filmmaking evolve over the course of the decade and how do you see it evolving in the next one?

Pedro Costa
1, 2.
The death of Antonio Reis.
My four films, between 1989 and 1999.
Less and less money for making them.
I need less to make them.
JLG’s Nouvelle Vague (1990) and DH, JMS’ Sicilia!

Luc Moullet
1. A lot of events. Due to the lack of space, I’ll stick to the two main ones.

First, the eruption, throughout Iranian cinema, of the film within a film. Kiarostami, Mahmalbaf and the others continue (probably without being conscious of it) May 68 and the lesson of Vent d’Est, La Concentration, Faire la déménageuse, Rendez-vous d’Anna and La Vérité sur l’imaginaire d’un inconnu. May 68 and situationism in the country of the Ayatollahs - who would have believed it? As much as this direction (described as self-absorbed) was criticized in the French cinema of the time, it has been accepted without regrets in the framework of a third world cinema, presumed to be social above all else, that has become the best cinema in the world, in part thanks to this orientation.

The other, more recent, event is the release of Alan Rudolph’s Breakfast of Champions, from Vonnegut’s novel. It’s one of the best adaptations of literary work, a domain Americans are very strong in (The Magnificent Ambersons, Greed, The Grapes of Wrath, The Tarnished Angels, A Place in the Sun, A Farewell to Arms, The Group), and in which the French (except sometimes Bresson) always fail. It’s one of the rare films where the use of video is fully integrated, giving the film a fresh and very surprising dimension in its final part. It is a mind-blowing vision of the New America — a commercial city off a highway exit — where the excess of mush, dumps, and mud is becoming vomit-inducing. The film rediscovers, through an itinerary full of contradictions, the holocaustal value of the cinema of thirty years ago (Les Carabiniers, Jeanne Dielman). One also thinks of Will Success Spoil Rock Hunter? It’s sometimes Fellini-esque, but without the Romagnol filmmaker’s complaisances. It’s also the unusual avant-garde film made with every available means and Hollywood actors.
Bruce Willis’ best film or, rather, his only film.
The full confirmation of an exemplary filmmaker, who is the only one in Hollywood that takes risks. 

2. No change in method for me. Recently, I tried to do something other than always make people laugh. Two films of a more dramatic character (an adaptation of Henry James and Au champ d’honneur) have often been welcomed with scepticism and rejected by festivals that were going easy on me. Does this mean that I’m only made for comedy? Or did I only transgress my trademark image and throw off my fans? Which of the two theories is correct? I’d like to know. To be safe, I decided to stick with comedy for the next one, assuming there is a next one: I always have the feeling that the film I’ve just done will be the last one. In any case, I know that I must absolutely avoid big budgets, for which I won’t find enough dough, and that I can’t go above 3 million francs for a feature and 200,000 francs for a short.